What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is present from birth and typically shows symptoms within the first three years of life. ASD is characterized by core features such as deficits in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. The term "spectrum" refers to the wide range of symptoms and variations in functionality, meaning that each individual's symptoms and level of functioning can differ.

What Happens in the Brains of Autistic Children?

It is acknowledged that a disrupted neuro-signaling system is present in the brains of children with autism. Specifically, disturbances in four social areas of the brain form the basis of clinical symptoms. These areas are abnormalities in the visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, and hippocampus.

Autism not only impacts social skills and behaviors but also affects sensory perceptions and motor abilities. Individuals with autism often find it challenging to recognize facial expressions and emotional cues, which can complicate social interactions. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders. With the updates in DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition), some previously separate diagnoses are now included under the autism spectrum. The diagnoses under the autism spectrum disorder are listed below:

What Diagnoses are Included in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

1. Autism

   • The autism diagnosis includes disorders characterized by severe impairment in social communication, restricted and repetitive behaviors, sensory sensitivities, and adherence to daily routines. This diagnosis includes more severe forms of the spectrum.

2. Asperger Syndrome (Now Part of the Autism Spectrum)

   • Previously recognized as a separate diagnosis before DSM-5, individuals with Asperger syndrome exhibit noticeable challenges in social interaction, though there is typically no delay in language development, and cognitive abilities are normal or above average. In DSM-5, Asperger syndrome is now considered a milder form of the autism spectrum and is referred to as "high-functioning autism."

3. Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

   • The PDD-NOS diagnosis was used for individuals who did not fully meet the criteria for autism or Asperger syndrome. With DSM-5, this diagnosis has also been accepted as part of the autism spectrum disorder. Individuals with PDD-NOS may exhibit some characteristics of autism, though their symptoms may be milder.

4. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

   • Childhood disintegrative disorder is a rare condition generally observed in children who develop normally until the ages of 3-4, after which they experience significant regression in social, communication, and motor skills. With DSM-5, this diagnosis has also been included in the autism spectrum.

5. Rett Syndrome (Separate Diagnosis in DSM-5)

   • Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder, primarily observed in girls. It is characterized by a significant developmental regression following a period of typical development from approximately 6-18 months of age. Although Rett syndrome shares features related to social and communication disorders found in the autism spectrum, it is linked to specific genetic mutations. Consequently, DSM-5 now considers Rett syndrome as a separate diagnosis outside of the autism spectrum disorders.

Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

The symptoms of ASD typically emerge during childhood and may persist throughout life. The primary symptoms include:

• Social Communication Disorders:

  • Difficulty making eye contact
  • Challenges in understanding others' emotions and empathizing
  • Inability to communicate effectively, whether through words or non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions)
  • Struggles in forming social relationships and a preference for solitude

• Repetitive Behaviors:

  • Repetitively performing the same actions (e.g., hand flapping, rocking)
  • Extreme reactions to changes in daily routines
  • Having limited and intense areas of interest

• Sensory Sensitivities:

  • Hypersensitivity or, conversely, lack of sensitivity to stimuli like noise, light, touch, or smell

• Deficits in Non-Verbal Communication Used for Social Interaction:

  • Poorly integrated verbal and non-verbal communication, including abnormalities in eye contact and body language
  • Challenges in understanding and using gestures, or a complete lack of facial expressions and non-verbal communication

During the diagnostic process, the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) criteria published by the American Psychiatric Association are used. These criteria focus on the observation of difficulties in social communication and patterns of repetitive behaviors.

Causes of Autism

While the exact cause of ASD is not fully understood, it is believed to result from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Individuals with ASD often exhibit differences in brain development and neural communication pathways. Although genetic predisposition plays a significant role, environmental factors (such as prenatal and postnatal complications and environmental toxins) may also increase the risk.

Theories suggesting a link between vaccines and autism have been debunked through scientific studies, and there is no evidence supporting this claim. However, in our observations, one-third of the children we treat experienced challenges that began after vaccination. Some even showed a loss of speech, with children who previously spoke no longer being able to do so.

Vaccine-Related Autism

In the medical history of one-third of the children we treat, we encounter a vaccine history. Notably, children who were previously speaking and lost this ability post-vaccination draw attention. This phenomenon is most commonly observed in children who have received the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. The MMR vaccination schedule typically recommends the first dose between 12 to 15 months and the second dose between ages 4 and 6.

Current Treatment Methods

Although there is no known cure for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), various therapy and educational programs are applied to manage symptoms and improve the individual’s quality of life. Treatment is customized according to the individual’s needs and symptoms.

a) Behavioral Therapies

• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): ABA is one of the most commonly used behavioral therapy methods for autism. This therapy includes strategies to reinforce positive behaviors and reduce undesirable behaviors. Goals are broken down into small, measurable steps to help develop social and communication skills.
• Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI): This therapy, especially effective for younger children, involves an intensive and structured education program. Based on ABA principles, it focuses on developing children's social, language, and cognitive skills.

b) Speech and Language Therapy

• This type of therapy addresses language and communication disorders commonly seen in individuals with ASD. It can also help teach alternative communication methods for individuals who cannot use spoken language.

c) Occupational Therapy

• Occupational therapy helps individuals develop daily living skills and manage sensory sensitivities. For instance, it may focus on improving hand skills, play skills, and self-care activities.

d) Sensory Integration Therapy

• This therapy helps manage sensory sensitivities frequently observed in individuals with ASD. The aim is to normalize responses to sensory stimuli.

e) Medication

• While there is no medication directly used to treat ASD itself, some medications may be prescribed to alleviate associated symptoms (e.g., severe anxiety, hyperactivity, aggression). Antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications can be used for this purpose.

The Importance of Early Intervention in Autism

Early diagnosis and intervention in autism can make a significant difference in a child’s development. Intensive therapies administered during the early years, particularly, greatly contribute to the development of a child’s social, communication, and cognitive skills. Research shows that early intervention improves language skills and independent living abilities. When these efforts are insufficient, stem cell treatments should be considered as part of treatment plans at younger ages to observe noticeable improvements and significant progress in a short time. After stem cell treatment, families and educators of these children report immediately perceiving these improvements.

Current Research and Future Treatments in Autism

Scientific research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to advance. Genetic studies have made significant progress in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying autism. Specifically, certain genetic variations have been found to be associated with autism, and these findings could enable more targeted treatment approaches in the future. Additionally, the application of allogeneic secretomes and stem cells in specific formulations has shown beneficial results, especially in cases of genetically influenced autism.

In recent years, innovative methods like “CRISPR gene editing” technology have shown promise in addressing genetic factors in autism spectrum disorder. However, these approaches are still in the experimental phase, and more research and time are needed before they can be applied to humans.

ASD is a complex, multidimensional neurodevelopmental disorder. Its treatment involves individualized and multi-faceted approaches, including early-stage therapies and educational programs. Along with therapies and educational interventions, scientific studies continue to enhance our understanding of autism’s biological mechanisms and improve treatment approaches. Stem cell therapies, which directly target the root cause of the disorder, have shown effective improvements and are becoming a sought-after treatment for achieving tangible results.

Stem Cell Therapy in Autism

Stem Cell Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

In recent years, stem cell therapy has gained attention as a potential treatment approach for autism. Due to their ability to transform into different cell types, stem cells can be used to repair damaged or dysfunctional tissues. The potential of stem cells in treating neurological disorders such as autism lies in their ability to reduce neuroinflammation and promote the regeneration of nerve cells.

What Happens After Stem Cell Therapy?

Some functional improvements can be observed by families or educators within 1-2 months following stem cell therapy for children with autism. It is recommended to begin treatment as early as possible, with the ideal age being between 4 and 6 years. The procedures are safe, and based on our 15 years of experience, we can say that the positive outcomes of stem cell therapy are permanent.

Research on stem cell therapy for autism has yielded promising results. Specifically, the repair and regeneration of damaged or dysfunctional nerve cells and the improvement of neuro-signaling have been observed clinically, which translates into improvements in the symptoms causing concern. Scientifically speaking, after administration, differentiated stem cells in the brain facilitate or increase the production of “Neurotrophic Factors” (such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)), which are proteins that aid in nerve repair.

Additionally, immune regulation reduces both chronic neuroinflammation and neural dysfunction. Another positive development is the increase in vascularization in the brain, along with the formation of new blood vessels, which significantly supports the nourishment of nerves.

Stem Cells Used in Autism Treatment

The most commonly used stem cells in autism treatment are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC). Another widely used type is human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC). These cells release healing factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, and exosomes, which positively impact surrounding tissues.

UC-MSCs help balance the immune system by promoting a shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory performance. This shift can prevent autoimmune attacks, reduce pressure on the brain, and contribute to its recovery. It is essential to recognize that treatment can vary from child to child. Each child’s symptoms are unique, so the treatment approach must be tailored accordingly.

In addition to stem cell therapy, we incorporate holistic practices to support the treatment process.

Treatment Process

Different methods are used to administer stem cells to the body, aiming for the stem cells to reach the brain and repair damage. The primary method is intrathecal (injection into the cerebrospinal fluid), but intravenous (IV) and intranasal routes are also possible. IV and intranasal administration may require overcoming certain anatomical barriers. In particular, some of the cells given through IV may be filtered out by the lungs or face challenges crossing the blood-brain barrier. Our experienced physicians can efficiently address these barriers through specialized methods.

Autologous Stem Cell Treatment for Autism

We want to emphasize that there are no complications associated with this treatment. Cells taken from the child’s own bone marrow are very safe. At our center, approximately 50 autistic children receive stem cell treatment monthly. Our team has 15 years of experience and consists exclusively of medical professors. Autologous stem cells are most beneficial for children aged 4-7, and the procedure remains effective up to 10 years of age. If a child is older than 10 and does not speak, safely prepared umbilical cord stem cells can be administered at a dosage of 2 million cells per kilogram.

Steps in Autologous Stem Cell Application

1. It is recommended that the child stops taking herbal supplements and homeopathic medicines one month before treatment.
2. Upon admission, the child receives two consecutive daily doses of filgrastim (Neupogen) to stimulate bone marrow activity.
3. The third day is a rest day, during which it is advisable to eat minimally.
4. The application day follows on the fourth day after the first filgrastim dose, with the procedure beginning around 9:00 AM, ideally on an empty stomach.
5. Under sedation and hemodynamic monitoring, a bone marrow aspiration is performed from the iliac crest region of the hip bone using a trocar needle. About 100 cc of material is collected in a 10-15 minute procedure. The cells are then processed in the laboratory to become purpose-specific and activated, prepared in three separate suspensions. This cell processing procedure takes approximately 4-5 hours.
6. The prepared cells are re-administered to the child under sedation via one of three routes: (a) intrathecal (cerebrospinal fluid), (b) intravenous, or (c) subcutaneous.

Note: All steps, including the collection of autologous material, sedation, cell processing, and re-administration, are carried out by medical professors.

Safety and Side Effects

Stem cell therapy is a safe procedure, and the clinical improvements observed are often long-lasting. Neither our center nor other centers globally that perform stem cell therapy have reported any cases of worsening conditions or neurological disorders linked to stem cell applications.

Some children may experience minor side effects after the procedure, including reduced appetite, refusal to eat or drink, pain at injection sites, mild fever, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms typically resolve within 1-2 days and are not causes for parental concern.

Expected Outcomes of Stem Cell Therapy in Autism

Stem cell therapy in autism generally yields positive results, with clinical improvements observed in 85-90% of cases. Expected outcomes include:

• Initiation of speech or significant improvement in verbal skills for children with limited speech
• Enhanced perception, improved socialization, and communication skills
• Reduction in hyperactivity and aggression
• Increased eye contact
• Decrease in repetitive behaviors
• Improved emotional responses, with better interaction with parents and siblings (if applicable)
• Reduced sensitivity to smells, noise, and light
• Decreased selective eating; resolution of constipation, if present
• Regularization of sleep and rest phases

These are the anticipated clinical improvements following stem cell therapy.

Unexpected, but Observed Improvements

1. Strabismus Correction: Particularly in children aged 4-7 with autism, strabismus has shown improvement.
2. Epilepsy Management: Notably, children with epilepsy have also shown improvements following treatment. It’s worth mentioning that in children without overt epilepsy, underlying asymptomatic epileptic activity may become evident as brain improvements occur. This rare occurrence has only been observed in one case.
3. Cardiac Improvements: Two children with Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) showed complete recovery during follow-up cardiac evaluations.
4. Kidney Function Improvement: Protein leakage from the kidneys resolved in six children, as confirmed by tests.
5. Visual Function: A child who was previously completely blind showed improvements, with the ability to distinguish colors following stem cell treatment.

Useful Information for Autism

Is Ozone Therapy Beneficial in Autism?

According to our clinical observations, rectal ozone (active oxygen) gas therapy both before and after stem cell treatment proves to be very beneficial. When administered at an early age, such as 2-3 years old, with two sessions of rectal ozone therapy weekly, it can help reduce oxidative stress, decrease inflammation, improve oxygen-rich blood flow to the brain, and provide neuroprotective benefits. This therapy is particularly beneficial for cases of hyperactivity and atypical autism. Adding ozone therapy before and after stem cell treatment can enhance clinical outcomes, with no side effects observed.

Is Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Helpful in Autism?

Although some studies indicate benefits in reducing oxidative stress, there is no conclusive evidence that hyperbaric oxygen therapy directly treats autism. Furthermore, hyperbaric oxygen therapy requires a pressurized environment, which is only available in specially controlled rooms rather than standard clinics. For this reason, active oxygen-superoxygen (ozone) therapy is recommended instead, as it is more affordable and has a high safety margin.

Is Hydrogen Water Beneficial in Autism?

Hydrogen water can be a useful supplement if given intermittently. It has antioxidative properties that can help reduce oxidative stress. Notably, 45% of autistic children experience gastrointestinal issues, particularly constipation. Administering lactulose once a week starting one month prior to stem cell therapy is recommended, as lactulose produces hydrogen in the gut, reducing constipation and enhancing antioxidative effects.

Can Children with Autism Form Deep, Loving Relationships?

Yes, children with autism are capable of loving others and forming deep emotional relationships. The primary challenge lies in their difficulty in expressing emotions. With appropriate training, they can learn and focus on social behaviors such as sharing joy, expressing love and attachment to family, siblings, and relatives, and engaging in social interactions. After stem cell therapy, we observe a reduction in these emotional expression difficulties in some children, with some cases even showing complete improvement.It's essential to accelerate and sustain educational efforts following stem cell therapy.

Is It True That Children with Autism Cannot Learn to Relate, Communicate, or Think?

This perception is incorrect. Children with autism are capable of communication, project-making, and relationship-building. After stem cell therapy, focusing on developing these foundational skills makes it easier for children to learn and enhance these existing abilities in a healthy way. The process of skill acquisition should continue dynamically post-therapy, and families should feel assured about this progress.

Can Repetitive Behaviors, Stubbornness, and Echolalia in Children with Autism Improve?

While these behaviors are commonly associated with autism, they may also emerge as expressions of stress or frustration. When a child with sensory processing challenges becomes overwhelmed or stressed, they may engage in persistent or self-stimulatory behaviors. After stem cell therapy, we observe a reduction in these clinical symptoms, with some children showing complete improvement.

Can Children with Autism Empathize with Others?

Notably, after stem cell therapy, children who previously had limited speech or were non-verbal begin to speak or form sentences, though this outcome varies. While many children show improvement after a single session, some resistant cases may require three sessions to achieve noticeable results. Expectations should be managed for children older than 7-8 years, as outcomes may not always align with initial hopes. Once these skills are developed, the child’s ability to empathize improves, and they become better able to express their needs. Enhanced cognitive development and empathy are often observed following treatment. Interestingly, some autistic children are reported by their teachers to possess empathy skills that surpass those of their peers, demonstrating warmth, empathy, and compassion, and performing well academically.

Is Autism a Genetic Disorder?

It is not accurate to define autism as a strictly genetic disorder. Autism is a multifactorial condition, meaning that multiple causes contribute to its development. Current research reveals that autism does not have a single cause; instead, it arises from a complex interaction of various factors and conditions. While genetic predisposition may exist in autism, which can increase a child’s susceptibility to other risk factors, this alone does not determine the condition. Each child has unique clinical features, so there is no single prototype of autism.

The Relationship Between Autism and Vitamin D

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have consistently reported significantly lower levels of vitamin D compared to typically developing children. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency has been found to correlate strongly with the severity of ASD symptoms. A meta-analysis of prospective studies suggested that the likelihood of developing ASD is 54% higher in children born to mothers or infants with low vitamin D levels. These findings indicate a potential link between vitamin D status and ASD risk. Research on the role of vitamin D in ASD suggests that it may positively impact neurodevelopment, possess anti-inflammatory properties, and stimulate the production of neurotrophic factors. Some studies even indicate that vitamin D intervention may improve ASD symptoms, though the mechanisms are still unclear. Overall, there is evidence of a notable association between vitamin D and autism. For this reason, we are adamant about determining and optimizing vitamin D levels in children before starting stem cell treatment.